Events

• January 7 - Galileo Galilei discovers the Galilean moons of Jupiter.
• March 12 – Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow
• May 13-14 – Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France
• July 5 - John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.
• Johannes Fabricius is the first to observe sunspots telescopically.
• Poland captures Moscow, just to lose it again to Russian and Swedish troops.
• In Jamestown, Virginia, only 60 out of 500 settlers survive over winter and they may have to rely on cannibalism
• Henry Hudson discovers Hudson Bay
• Arabella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, imprisoned for marrying William Seymour
• The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicholas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.

Science

• Jean Beguin - Tyrocinium Chymicum , first lecture book about chemistry

Births

• April 22 - Pietro Vitto Ottoboni later Pope Alexander VIII
• July 14 - Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670)
• December 12 - Saint Vasilije
• December 15 - David Teniers the Younger, artist

Deaths

• May 14 - King Henry IV of France (b. 1553)
• May 27 - Ravaillac, assassin who killed ­Henry IV of France
• October 14 - Amago Yoshihisa, Japanese samurai and warlord
• November 2 - Richard Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1544)
• November 17 - Antoine de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme