Events and Trends

• Nationalistic independence movements helped reshape the world during this decade:
  • Greece declares independence from the Ottoman Empire (1821).
  • Several countries declared their independence from Spain and Portugal:
    • The Republic of Gran Colombia under President Simón Bolívar (1819 - 1828) expands over South America
    • Mexico (1821)
    • Brazil (1822)
• The United Provinces of Central America were formed in 1823.

World Leaders

• Emperor Francis II (Austria)
• Chancellor Klemens Wenzel von Metternich (Austria)
• King Louis XVIII (France)
• King Charles X (France)
• Pope Pius VII
• Pope Leo XII
• Emperor Alexander I (Russia)
• Emperor Nicholas I (Russia)
• King George IV (United Kingdom)
• President James Monroe (United States)
• President John Quincy Adams (United States)