Crowland Abbey, in Lincolnshire, was originally founded in the 8th century, and is dedicated to Saint Mary the Virgin , Saint Bartholomew and Saint Guthlac. In about the 10th century, it came under the Benedictine rule. Part of the abbey church is still in use as the parish church. Crowland is well known to historians as the probable home of the Croyland Chronicle, begun by one of its monks and continued by several other hands. In 1537, the abbot of Crowland wrote to Thomas Cromwell, sending him a gift of fish: "ryght mekely besechyng yow lordship favorablye to accepte the same fyshe, and to be gud and favorable lorde unto me and my pore house". Despite these representations, the abbey was dissolved in 1539.

One of the religious relics that the abbey contains is the skull of the 9th century Abbot Saint Theodore which used to be on public display until it was stolen from its display case in 1982. The skull was later returned anonymously in 1999.

The abbey is also known for being the subject of a John Clare sonnet.

It must not be confused with Croyland Abbey in the town of Wellingborough.