Kurgan (Курган), the capital of the Kurgan Oblast, Russia, is one of the oldest cities in Siberia (geographical position: ). It was founded in 1553, then called Tsaryowo Gorodishche (Царёво Городище), and renamed to its present name in 1782. Kurgan is on the Trans-Siberian railway line, between Yekaterinburg and Omsk.

Its population has risen from 10.600 in 1897 to 106.100 in 1956 and to 368.300 in 1998 and has since fallen slightly to 361.500 (as of 2001).