The Mandaic alphabet is based on the Aramaic alphabet, and is used for writing the Mandaic language.
The Mandaic name for the script is Abagada or Abaga, after the first letters of the alphabet. Rather than the ancient Semitic names for the letters (alaph, beth, gimal), the letters are known as â, bâ, gâ and so on.
The alphabet consists of 24 letters: the 22 letters of the Aramaic alphabet with two additional letters at the end. As the number 24 is auspicious for Mandaeans (it is the number of hours from sunset to sunset), the additional letters are somewhat artificial. The 23rd letter is adu, the relative particle, and the 24th is the first letter, a, repeated. Thus, Mandaeans say that the abagada has perfected the alpha and omega.
Unlike most other Semitic alphabets, the vowels are usually written out in full. The first and last letter, a (corresponding to alaph), is used to represent a range of open vowels. The sixth letter, wa, is used for close back vowels (u and o), and the tenth letter, ya is used for close front vowels (i and e). These last two can also serve as the consonants w/v and y. The eighth letter corresponds to the Semitic heth, and is called eh; it always is pronounced as a long i-vowel, but is rarely used as it is thought to be a sacred representation of the eye of God. A similar situation exists for the sixteenth letter, ayn.
All the letters in the Mandaic alphabet are considered by Mandaeans to have magic properties, and impart mysteries (raze). A hint at a few of these meanings is given alongside the respective letters.
Post-classical and modern Mandaic uses a lot of Persian words. Four additional letters are used in writing non-classical words. They are, in fact, simple modifications of the canonical letters, and are not considered to bring the sum of letters to 28. The letters gha, dha, fa and ja are produced by placing two horizontally-aligned dots under ga, da, pa and sha, respectively.
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