Oliver Lyttelton, 1st Viscount Chandos, PC (15 March 1893-21 January 1972) was a British businessman who was brought into government during the Second World War, holding a number of ministerial posts.

Lyttelton was the son of Alfred Lyttelton, a Conservative politician, and related to William Gladstone. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge and served in the Grenadier Guards in World War I. He married Moira Godolphin Osborne in 1920. They had four children: Anthony Alfred , Rosemary, Julian and Nicholas Adrian Oliver. He was managing director of British Metal Corporation Ltd and later became Chairman of Associated Electrical Industries.

Lyttelton entered Parliament as Conservative MP for Aldershot in a wartime by-election in 1940. He entered Churchill's war cabinet as President of the Board of Trade, Minister of State in the Middle East and Minister of Production. After the Conservatives' 1951 election victory, he became Secretary of State for the Colonies. He continued in the House of Commons until 1954, when he was elevated to the House of Lords as 1st Viscount Chandos, returning to AEI and steering it to become a major British company.

The Lyttelton Theatre at the Royal National Theatre, London is named after Oliver Lyttelton; he was the first chairman of the NT (1962-71) and his parents had been active campaigners for its development.