Psychoanalytic theory describes work that applies the work of psychoanalyists to work within critical theory. Major psychoanalysts referenced in psychoanalytic theory include Sigmund Freud, Melanie Klein, and Jacques Lacan. Major current thinkers within psychoanalytic theory include Julia Kristeva and Slavoj Zizek. Psychoanalytic theory also heavily influences the work of Franz Fanon and Louis Althusser.

Much psychoanalytic theory applies psychoanalytic thought to cultures at large instead of to individuals. It endeavors to analyze and interpret ideas and fantasies by observing the manner in which they are being expressed and acted out in culture.

Psychoanalytic theory heavily informs gender studies and queer theory.

Psychodynamics is another term commonly used to denote psychoanalytic theory.