Robert Culliford was an English pirate who was the former first mate of Captain William Kidd before spearheading a mutiny to steal Kidd's first ship and crew.

Kidd later on attempted to capture Culliford as a pirate hunter, but his crew forced him to go pirate himself. After Kidd pirated and divided his most famous haul, the Quedah Merchant, much of his crew joined Culliford, who was also anchored at Saint Mary's Island near Madagascar.