Tod Robinson Caldwell (February 19, 1818 - July 11, 1874) was a lawyer and was the Republican Governor of North Carolina between 1871 and 1874 following the impeachment of Governor Holden. He was born in Morganton, North Carolina. He lived in Burke County.

Caldwell attended the University of North Carolina, was solicitor for Burke County, and was a member of the General Assembly.

When elected 1872 on the Republican ticket, Caldwell became one of the first Republican governors of North Carolina. His areas of interest were the state debt and the state finances and the opening of the public schools which had been closed in 1863 due to lack of money. He appointed Stephen D. Pool as Superintendent of Public Instruction and got a bill passed allowing private aid for public schools in order to gain funds to reopen the schools.

Governor Caldwell died in 1874, before the end of his term of office.